Port Stanley is a charming beach town located on the shores of Lake Erie. With its beautiful sandy beaches, lively atmosphere, and unique shops, it’s a great place for a fun day out or a relaxing weekend getaway. Whether you love outdoor adventures or prefer leisurely strolls, there’s something for everyone. The picturesque scenery, friendly locals, and tasty food options make it a popular spot for visitors.
In this guide, we will be uncovering the top activities and attractions you won’t want to miss in Port Stanley. From enjoying the stunning sunsets to visiting local galleries, you’ll find plenty of ways to make unforgettable memories. Get ready to see what this lovely town has to offer!
Things to Do in Port Stanley
1. Relax at Port Stanley Main Beach
Port Stanley Main Beach is a beautiful escape for sun and surf lovers. This beach is famous for its clean, golden sands and clear waters. Families and groups often gather here to enjoy a day of relaxation and fun.
The beach is Blue Flag certified, meaning it meets high environmental and safety standards. You can swim, sunbathe, or simply take a leisurely stroll along the shore. The ambiance is lively, especially in summer. Many visitors enjoy playing games or building sandcastles with their children.
Facilities are available for everyone’s comfort. There are washrooms, showers, and rentals for beach equipment. Don’t forget to grab a snack from nearby vendors or local cafes for a delightful treat while you relax.
As the sun sets, the beach offers stunning views. Bring a blanket to enjoy a picnic as you watch the sky change colors. It’s a magical experience that adds to the charm of Port Stanley.
Whether you’re seeking adventure or just want to unwind, Main Beach is the perfect place to spend your day. It encapsulates the essence of summer fun at the lake.
Address: 36 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
2. Play at Little Beach
Little Beach is an ideal spot for families, especially those with young children. This hidden gem features shallow waters that make it safe for little ones to play and splash around. Parents can relax knowing their kids are safe and entertained.
Take a stroll along the sandy stretch to enjoy the serene atmosphere. Little Beach is typically quieter than the Main Beach, making it a perfect getaway from the crowds. Seating areas and shade are available for a comfortable visit.
You can bring along your beach toys or set up a picnic area to enjoy a lovely meal. The gentle waves are ideal for beginner swimmers to practice their strokes in a safe environment.
Keep an eye out for the local wildlife. You might see ducks and other birds in the area, making it a lovely spot for family gatherings. It’s a place where family memories are created every summer.
Little Beach invites visitors to unwind and enjoy nature in a charming setting, making it a must-visit for families.
Address: 10 William St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
3. Stroll the Pier
Take a leisurely stroll along Port Stanley’s renovated pier for breathtaking views. The pier extends into Lake Erie and offers a unique perspective of the pristine waters. As you walk, the gentle waves create a calming atmosphere.
Along the way, you can enjoy the sight of the charming lighthouse. It’s a popular photo spot, especially during sunset when the colors in the sky reflect beautifully on the water. The vibrant atmosphere of the pier draws both locals and tourists alike.
Fishing enthusiasts will enjoy watching anglers trying their luck along the railings. The pier’s design is perfect for enjoying the sights and sounds of the local fishing boats returning with their catches.
Feel free to take your time and soak in the surroundings. The air smells fresh, and the sound of the water lapping against the structure is relaxing. This is a great spot for a peaceful retreat.
A visit to the pier is a quintessential Port Stanley experience, combining natural beauty with a welcoming community vibe.
Address: 9-11 Bridge St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
4. Visit the Port Stanley Lighthouse
The Port Stanley Lighthouse is a historic landmark worth visiting. This picturesque lighthouse showcases the maritime heritage of the area. The bright white structure is easily spotted from the beach and pier.
Visitors can enjoy walking around the lighthouse to take photos or learn about its history. The lighthouse has stood for over a century and is a reminder of the town’s rich maritime past. The presence of the lighthouse adds charm to the coastal scenery.
It’s also a perfect backdrop for family portraits or romantic photos with the lake in the background. Check out the stunning views from the nearby observation area.
Throughout the summer, there are guided tours available to provide deeper insights into its significance. You can learn about the light’s role in guiding sailors safely to shore.
Visiting the Port Stanley Lighthouse enhances your stay in this quaint coastal town. It’s a beautiful blend of history and nature.
Address: 145-169 Bridge St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
5. Kayak at Bridgeview Marina
For adventure seekers, kayaking at Bridgeview Marina is a must! The marina provides kayak and canoe rentals for exploring the beautiful waters of Lake Erie. You can navigate through serene bays and enjoy the peacefulness of the surrounding nature.
Whether you’re a novice or an experienced kayaker, the marina is perfect for everyone. The friendly staff can help you get started and provide safety tips. You can also rent paddleboards for added fun!
As you paddle, keep an eye out for local wildlife, which you may experience up close. The tranquility of the water allows for plenty of opportunities to relax and appreciate the beauty of Port Stanley’s waterfront.
Kayaking is not just a great workout but also a wonderful way to connect with nature. Many people enjoy the stunning views while engaging in this exciting activity.
Embrace the adventure at Bridgeview Marina and make some unforgettable memories. It’s an exciting way to explore the area.
Address: 9690 Bridgeview Marina Rd, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
6. Travel on the Port Stanley Terminal Rail
Hop aboard the Port Stanley Terminal Rail for a scenic heritage train ride! This historic train journey takes you through picturesque landscapes and offers a unique view of the local scenery. The ride is a delightful way to experience Port Stanley’s charm.
The train features vintage-style cars that give you a nostalgic feel as you travel. You can sit back and enjoy the rolling hills, fields, and forests along the route. It’s a great activity for families, couples, or anyone who enjoys rail travel.
Guided commentary adds to the experience by sharing interesting facts about the area’s history. The ride is especially beautiful during the fall when the leaves change colors. It makes for a stunning backdrop.
The train operates from spring through the fall, making it a seasonal highlight for both locals and visitors. Plan ahead for special themed events that may be taking place during the ride.
Traveling on the Port Stanley Terminal Rail is a perfect way to spend a few hours. It combines relaxation, beauty, and history on every journey.
Address: 345 Carlow Rd, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C9, Canada.
7. Observe the King George VI Lift Bridge
Watch the fascinating King George VI Lift Bridge as it opens to allow boats to pass through. This engineering marvel is a significant part of Port Stanley’s maritime heritage. The bridge rises every half-hour during the warmer months, offering a delightful spectacle.
Visitors flock to see the bridge in action. It’s a unique opportunity to learn about the mechanics involved in lifting the bridge. It makes for a perfect photo opportunity as you witness boats sailing beneath the elevated structure.
This bridge is not only functional but also adds charm to the town. The design complements the scenic waterfront, creating a picturesque view. Nearby benches provide an excellent place to sit and enjoy the surroundings.
Watching the lift bridge operate is captivating for both young and old. You can see fishermen, sailboats, and recreational vessels pass below. It’s a lively part of the waterfront experience.
A visit to the King George VI Lift Bridge is an engaging and memorable way to learn about Port Stanley’s connection to Lake Erie.
Address: 16-20 Bridge St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
8. Explore the Stork Club – Big Band Museum
Step into a world of music at the Stork Club – Big Band Museum. This unique museum showcases the history of big band music and its influence on American culture. Visitors can explore memorabilia, recordings, and exhibits dedicated to famous musicians.
The museum offers insight into how big bands shaped the music scene during the 1930s and 1940s. The engaging displays are informative and enjoyable, providing a nostalgic trip down memory lane. Music lovers will find a treasure trove of information and memorabilia.
Interactive exhibits allow guests to listen to recordings and learn about the bands and artists who created memorable tunes. It’s a fun experience for all ages, encouraging appreciation for music’s rich history.
Special events and live performances often take place at the museum, enhancing the experience. Engaging with fellow music enthusiasts can make your visit even more enjoyable!
The Stork Club – Big Band Museum is a hidden gem in Port Stanley that offers a unique cultural experience for everyone. Don’t miss it!
Address: 152 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
9. Visit the Art Emporium
Discover local creativity at the Art Emporium in Port Stanley. This vibrant gallery showcases artworks from regional artists, offering a diverse range of mediums. You can find paintings, pottery, jewelry, and more, making it a perfect destination for art lovers.
The Emporium often hosts workshops and events for visitors of all skill levels. Whether you are an aspiring artist or simply curious, you can learn new techniques from talented instructors. Participating in a hands-on workshop can deepen your appreciation for the arts.
Purchasing an art piece supports local artists and allows you to take home a unique memory from your visit. The Art Emporium is also a welcoming space for community events and exhibitions.
Take your time browsing through the collection. You might discover a stunning piece that resonates with you. It’s a great way to connect with the local art scene and explore the talent in Port Stanley.
Visiting the Art Emporium is not just about shopping; it’s an enriching experience that celebrates creativity and community.
Address: 132 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
10. Catch a Show at Port Stanley Festival Theatre
Experience live theater at the Port Stanley Festival Theatre. This intimate venue showcases a variety of performances, including plays and musicals. With its cozy setting, you’ll feel close to the action on stage.
The theatre is known for its high-quality productions featuring talented local actors. You can expect a diverse lineup of shows throughout the season, making it a great addition to your itinerary. Reserve your tickets in advance to ensure a seat for popular performances!
The atmosphere is lively and welcoming, with many audience members returning for multiple shows each year. You might even meet fellow theatre enthusiasts during intermissions.
In addition to regular performances, the theatre offers special events, including talkbacks where you can engage with the cast and crew. It adds a personal touch to the experience and allows you to dive deeper into the artwork.
A visit to the Port Stanley Festival Theatre promises an enjoyable and memorable night out. Entertainment in this beautiful coastal town is truly a highlight.
Address: 180 Jones St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
11. Experience Great Lakes Farms
Visit Great Lakes Farms for a taste of local agriculture. This farm is an exciting destination where you can pick seasonal produce and enjoy various family-friendly activities. Depending on the season, you can harvest strawberries, pumpkins, or other delicious fruits and vegetables.
Strolling through the fields and selecting fresh produce is a delightful experience. Kids love the chance to pick their fruits, making it a fun learning opportunity about farming and nature. Many visitors leave with bags full of organic produce for their kitchens.
The farm also features special events throughout the year, such as festivals and educational workshops. Engaging with the community and learning about sustainable farming practices adds depth to your visit.
You can enjoy homemade treats and snacks available for purchase at the farm stand. Visitors often rave about the quality and taste of the products offered.
A trip to Great Lakes Farms enriches your Port Stanley experience by connecting you to the land and local community. It’s a wholesome outing for everyone!
Address: 9789 Sunset Rd, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1J3, Canada.
12. Birdwatch at Hawk Cliff
For nature enthusiasts, Hawk Cliff is a must-visit. This prime birdwatching location is well-known for its seasonal bird migrations. Visitors flock to this site to catch sight of raptors, songbirds, and other wildlife in their natural habitat.
Bring your binoculars and enjoy a day of watching these magnificent creatures soar through the sky. The cliff provides stunning views of the surrounding landscape and Lake Erie. It’s an ideal setting for those who appreciate nature and the outdoors.
During migration seasons, usually in spring and fall, the birdwatching experience is exceptional. Local birding experts often lead guided tours to provide insights into the different species inhabiting the area.
Hawk Cliff is not just for birdwatchers; it’s also a great hiking spot. Many visitors enjoy exploring the trails while soaking in the scenic beauty. Bring a picnic to enjoy while you relax in nature.
Birdwatching at Hawk Cliff is a fulfilling experience for any wildlife lover. A visit ensures you connect with nature in a peaceful setting.
Address: 8186 Hawk Cliff Rd, St. Thomas, ON N5P 3S5, Canada.
13. Relax at Moore Water Gardens
Moore Water Gardens is a tranquil escape, where visitors can enjoy peaceful surroundings while appreciating the beauty of nature. This hidden gem features stunning displays of water lilies and various aquatic plants. It’s a perfect spot for relaxing strolls and photography enthusiasts.
The calming atmosphere is ideal for leisurely afternoons. Enjoy a quiet moment by the ponds, listening to the gentle sounds of nature. It’s a lovely break from the hustle and bustle of daily life and a great spot to recharge.
Moore Water Gardens also offers workshops and events that promote gardening education and skills. Whether you are an experienced gardener or a beginner, you can learn how to create your own beautiful water garden.
In addition to the breathtaking plants, the gardens often host community events. Participate in these gatherings to meet locals and enjoy engaging activities.
A visit to Moore Water Gardens is a serene experience that nurtures relaxation and creativity in nature.
Address: 6228 Moore Line, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1J3, Canada.
14. Try your luck at Jackpot City Casino in St. Thomas
Just a short drive from Port Stanley, Jackpot City Casino offers thrilling entertainment for gaming enthusiasts. This casino features a wide variety of slot machines, table games, and live entertainment options. It’s an exciting destination for those feeling lucky.
Whether you’re a seasoned gambler or just looking to have some fun, the casino atmosphere is lively and vibrant. Enjoy friendly staff and a welcoming environment that enhances your gaming experience.
For those who enjoy dining, the casino has on-site restaurants offering delicious meals and snacks. Take a break from the gaming floor and indulge in a satisfying dining experience.
Special events and promotions frequently occur, providing exciting opportunities to win big. Check the casino’s calendar to make the most of your visit and enjoy all that they offer.
Jackpot City Casino provides a thrilling escape for visitors who enjoy gaming entertainment in the heart of Ontario.
Address: 47-50 St. George St, St. Thomas, ON N5R 6E6, Canada.
15. Visit Gateway Casinos in London
For a more extensive gaming experience, head to Gateway Casinos in London. Located about 30 minutes from Port Stanley, this lively casino features an array of slot machines, table games, and various dining options. It’s perfect for those who enjoy the excitement of the casino scene.
The atmosphere is vibrant, filled with energy and excitement. With numerous gaming options, there’s something for everyone. Whether you’re looking for a competitive poker game or just want to have fun playing slots, you’ll find it here.
Special events and promotions are regularly featured, providing great opportunities to win big. Whether it’s a tournament game or a themed night, check the casino’s calendar for exciting activities during your visit.
Dining at Gateway Casinos is also a treat. Several on-site restaurants serve a variety of cuisines, allowing you to relax and enjoy a meal between games.
A visit to Gateway Casinos in London enhances your Port Stanley adventure, offering thrilling entertainment while connecting with friends and loved ones.
Address: 3000 Washburn Dr, London, ON N6L 1K6, Canada.
16. Indulge at Broderick’s Ice Cream Parlour
If you have a sweet tooth, you must stop by Broderick’s Ice Cream Parlour! This charming ice cream shop serves delicious hand-crafted ice cream made from high-quality ingredients. The variety of flavors is sure to delight every visitor.
Choose from classic favorites like vanilla and chocolate to unique artisan flavors you won’t find anywhere else. The friendly staff will happily guide you through their options and help you create the perfect treat.
The inviting atmosphere makes it a great spot to relax, whether you’re dining in or grabbing a cone to go. Families will love enjoying ice cream on the outdoor patio, creating wonderful summer memories. The shop is a popular destination for both locals and tourists.
In addition to ice cream, Broderick’s also offers delightful desserts and beverages. It’s the perfect place to indulge after a day of exploring Port Stanley.
A visit to Broderick’s Ice Cream Parlour is a delicious treat you won’t want to miss during your stay.
Address: 351 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
17. Dine at Kettle Creek Inn
Kettle Creek Inn offers a delightful dining experience in Port Stanley. This charming eatery features a cozy atmosphere, perfect for enjoying local Canadian cuisine. With a variety of dishes available, everyone is sure to find something they love.
The menu includes fresh, locally sourced ingredients and seasonal specialties that celebrate the flavors of the region. You can enjoy a relaxing meal in a historical setting, complemented by friendly service.
Vegetarian options are also available, ensuring everyone can enjoy a satisfying meal. Pair your dinner with a drink from their extensive wine or craft beer selection for a complete dining experience.
The ambiance of Kettle Creek Inn makes it a great place for grabbing a meal after a day of exploration. Consider visiting for a meal or even for special occasions and events.
A visit to Kettle Creek Inn is a wonderful way to enjoy the local culinary scene and make your stay in Port Stanley memorable.
Address: 370 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
18. Enjoy seafood at The Buccaneer
The Buccaneer offers a delightful dining experience where seafood lovers can indulge in fresh catches and local delicacies. With a focus on quality, this restaurant provides an extensive menu featuring dishes made from the finest ingredients.
From fish and chips to seafood pasta, every dish is designed to satisfy your taste buds. Guests enjoy meals prepared with care, and the menu also includes vegetarian options for those who prefer them.
The casual and friendly atmosphere makes it an enjoyable spot for families and friends to gather after a day of exploring Port Stanley. You can dine inside or relax on the outdoor patio overlooking the lake.
Be sure to try their signature dishes or special seasonal offerings that highlight local seafood. The Buccaneer aims to provide a memorable dining experience with a taste of the coast.
A visit to The Buccaneer is sure to please seafood enthusiasts and create delightful memories during your stay in Port Stanley.
Address: 166 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
19. Shop at Pepper Tree Spice Co.
Spice enthusiasts will love shopping at Pepper Tree Spice Co. This local shop offers a wide range of specialty spices, gourmet ingredients, and kitchen goods. Whether you’re a seasoned chef or a home cook, you’ll find something to inspire your culinary adventures.
Explore their carefully curated selection of spices, teas, and oils that cater to every taste. The friendly staff is knowledgeable and always happy to assist you in finding the right ingredients for your next meal.
Participate in tasting events and cooking demonstrations that the store occasionally offers. You can learn new recipes and gain insights into using spices effectively in your cooking.
Shopping at Pepper Tree Spice Co. is not just about purchasing ingredients; it’s an experience that connects you to the local culinary scene. Bring home unique finds to impress your friends and family.
A visit to Pepper Tree Spice Co. unlocks the secrets of flavor in your cooking while supporting a local business.
Address: 101 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
20. Purchase local cheese at The Port Cheese Co.
The Port Cheese Co. is a must-visit for cheese lovers seeking delicious, locally-made artisanal cheeses. This charming shop offers a variety of handcrafted cheeses, each with a unique flavor and texture. From classic cheddar to unique specialty cheeses, you’ll discover a treat for every palate.
Visitors can sample different cheeses to find their favorites. The knowledgeable staff can guide you through the selection process, making cheese shopping an enjoyable experience. You can also find local accompaniments, such as jams and crackers, perfect for a cheese board.
The Port Cheese Co. is an excellent place to pick up souvenirs or gifts for friends and family. Fresh, quality cheese is always a hit! Show off a taste of Port Stanley with a curated selection.
The store often hosts events where you can learn more about the cheesemaking process and the different styles of cheese. Engaging with fellow cheese enthusiasts creates a memorable outing.
A trip to The Port Cheese Co. is a delightful way to indulge your taste buds while supporting local craftsmanship.
Address: 292 Main St, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
21. Walk the scenic trails at Port Stanley
Port Stanley offers an array of scenic walking trails perfect for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the beautiful landscapes and shoreline views that showcase the area’s natural beauty. Walking or hiking on these trails is a great way to stay active while enjoying fresh air.
The trails vary in difficulty and length, catering to walkers of all ages and abilities. You might encounter charming forests, serene ponds, and stunning views of Lake Erie along your journey. The beautiful scenery makes for wonderful photo opportunities throughout the trails.
Along the way, keep an eye out for local wildlife. Birdwatchers and nature lovers will appreciate the diverse flora and fauna that inhabit the area. The tranquil setting provides a perfect escape into nature.
Walking the trails allows you to connect with the community and meet fellow nature enthusiasts. It’s a social and rejuvenating experience as you immerse yourself in the stunning outdoors.
Exploring the scenic trails in Port Stanley enhances your visit, allowing you to appreciate the area while staying active.
Address: 20 Wampum Creek Rd, Port Stanley, ON N5L 1C5, Canada.
22. Participate in community events
Joining local community events is a fantastic way to immerse yourself in the culture and spirit of Port Stanley. Throughout the year, the town hosts various festivals, fairs, and celebrations that bring residents and visitors together.
Events often include live music, art shows, and food fairs that showcase the talents and flavors of local community members. It’s a fun way to support local artists and vendors while experiencing the vibrant culture of the area.
Check the town’s event calendar during your visit to find activities that suit your interests. Many events are family-friendly, making them perfect for creating lasting memories together.
Connecting with locals at these gatherings enriches your experience in Port Stanley. You’ll likely meet friendly faces and gain insights into the community’s habits and traditions.
Participating in community events creates a sense of belonging and adds a personal touch to your trip, making it a memorable part of your stay.
Address: Various Locations in Port Stanley, ON.
23. Take a guided boat tour
Experience the beauty of Lake Erie from a new perspective by joining a guided boat tour. These tours offer a relaxing way to explore the shoreline, visit nearby islands, and take in the stunning views from the water. It’s a memorable outing for individuals, couples, and families alike.
Boat tour operators provide informative commentary about the local environment, wildlife, and history of the area. You’ll have the chance to learn while enjoying scenic views and fresh air on the surface of the lake.
Photography enthusiasts will love capturing beautiful moments during the trip. Keep an eye out for local wildlife, including birds and fish that inhabit the waters around Port Stanley.
Whether you choose a short tour or a longer adventure, boating offers an engaging experience you won’t forget. Advance bookings are recommended, especially during peak tourist seasons.
A guided boat tour is a highlight of your Port Stanley visit and an opportunity to experience the beauty of the lake in an unforgettable way.
Address: Various Boat Tours Depart from Port Stanley Harbour, ON.
24. Visit nearby St. Thomas Elgin Memorial Centre
The St. Thomas Elgin Memorial Centre is a community hub that hosts various events and activities for all ages. Just a short drive from Port Stanley, this facility offers a mix of recreation and entertainment.
You can attend sporting events, concerts, and community gatherings throughout the year. The centre is known for its vibrant atmosphere and is a favorite spot for families and friends to come together.
Check the event schedule for upcoming performances, exhibitions, or sporting matches that may be happening during your visit. The diverse lineup ensures that there’s always something enjoyable to participate in!
The venue also features facilities for recreational activities, including ice hockey, swimming, and fitness classes. If you’re looking for a fun way to stay active, consider joining a class or event at the centre during your stay.
Visiting the St. Thomas Elgin Memorial Centre adds entertainment and activity to your time in Port Stanley, making it easy to connect with the local community.
Address: 80 Wilson Ave, St Thomas, ON N5R 3A4, Canada.
25. Explore the nearby beaches at Elgin County
Elgin County is home to many stunning beaches, each offering unique experiences. A short drive from Port Stanley takes you to picturesque shorelines perfect for a day of relaxation. These beaches are ideal for sunbathing, swimming, and picnicking.
Explore places like the beautiful Otty Beach or the tranquil Port Glasgow. Each beach has its own character, providing opportunities for fishing, kayaking, and enjoying nature. Bring along a camera to capture the unforgettable scenery.
These well-maintained beaches offer amenities like picnic areas, washrooms, and scenic walking paths. Families and groups will find plenty of space to enjoy beach activities or set up for a fun day out by the water.
Visiting the nearby beaches allows you to experience the great outdoors while soaking in the beauty of Lake Erie. Pack a picnic basket and enjoy lunch with your loved ones while taking in the fresh breeze from the lake.
Exploring the beaches in Elgin County is a great way to unwind and enjoy the natural beauty surrounding Port Stanley.
Address: Various Beaches in Elgin County, ON.
Final Thoughts
Port Stanley is a charming destination with much to offer visitors. Whether you’re seeking adventure, relaxation, or a taste of local culture, this lakeside town has it all. From beautiful beaches to captivating attractions, there’s never a dull moment.
As you explore the area, take time to enjoy the stunning landscapes and the warmth of the local community. Each activity provides a unique glimpse into the character of Port Stanley, making it a memorable trip.
The blend of natural beauty, engaging experiences, and friendly neighbors creates an inviting atmosphere. Be sure to take home cherished memories that will draw you back in the future. Port Stanley truly is a perfect getaway for everyone!
For more exciting travel inspiration, explore topics such as things to do in Port Austin or discover the best places to visit in Maine. Each destination has its unique charm and adventures just waiting to be uncovered.