Lucca, Italy, is a charming city full of history and beauty. With its ancient walls, narrow streets, and lovely piazzas, Lucca offers a perfect mix of culture and fun. The city is known for its amazing food, beautiful churches, and friendly atmosphere. Whether you’re walking along the walls or enjoying a gelato, Lucca is a place that will capture your heart.
In this guide, we will be looking at some of the best things to do in Lucca. From visiting the impressive Guinigi Tower to sampling delicious local dishes, there’s something for everyone. Get ready to make unforgettable memories in this lovely Italian city!
Things to Do in Lucca Italy
1. Take a Scenic Walk at Le Mura di Lucca
Le Mura di Lucca is a stunning example of Renaissance architecture. The city walls are well-preserved and encircle the historic center of Lucca. Walking or biking along these walls, you’ll enjoy beautiful views of the city and its surroundings.
As you stroll, take in the lush greenery and lovely gardens that adorn the pathway. This elevated walkway offers a unique perspective on the architecture and sights below. Many locals come here for a daily walk or jog, making it a vibrant part of daily life.
For those who enjoy cycling, renting a bike is a great way to see more of Le Mura. Several bike rental shops are located nearby. The path is flat and easy, perfect for families or casual riders.
During your visit, you might spot ancient towers and charming viewpoints. There are plenty of spots to pause and take photos, so make sure to bring your camera! Whether you visit in the morning or evening, you’ll experience the enchanting charm of Lucca.
A trip to Le Mura di Lucca is a must-do for anyone exploring this beautiful city. It’s a peaceful escape that combines history, nature, and exercise.
Address: Le Mura, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
2. Visit the Unique Piazza dell’Anfiteatro
Piazza dell’Anfiteatro is a one-of-a-kind oval-shaped square in Lucca. The square sits on the ruins of a Roman amphitheater, and its architecture adds to its charm. You can feel the history as you walk through this lively space.
Filled with quaint shops and delicious eateries, it’s the perfect spot for a break. Try a traditional Tuscan dish at one of the local restaurants, or grab a gelato and relax. The atmosphere is lively, especially in the evenings.
As you stroll around, admire the beautiful buildings that now surround the square. They maintain a rustic charm, reflecting the city’s rich past. It’s a wonderful place to sit and people-watch.
While here, consider visiting one of the nearby artisan shops. Many sell local crafts, souvenirs, and artwork. It’s a great opportunity to find unique gifts to take home.
No trip to Lucca is complete without visiting this stunning square. Its mix of history, culture, and delicious food makes it an essential stop on your journey.
Address: Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
3. Climb the Torre Guinigi
The Torre Guinigi is an iconic medieval tower located in Lucca. Standing at 44 meters, it offers some of the best views of the city. The tower is unique due to the oak trees that grow at its summit!
To reach the top, visitors need to climb about 230 stairs. While it may seem daunting, the ascent is well worth the effort. As you climb, enjoy the glimpses of ancient architecture peeking through the tower’s openings.
Once at the top, the panoramic views are breathtaking. You can see the terracotta rooftops of Lucca and the surrounding Tuscan hills stretching out in every direction. It’s a perfect spot for photos!
Take a few moments to soak in the beauty and tranquility of the view. Many visitors enjoy bringing snacks or a drink to enjoy while admiring the landscape.
The Torre Guinigi is not just a tower, but a symbol of Lucca’s rich history. By visiting, you connect with the past while enjoying modern beauty.
Address: Via Sant’Andrea, 45, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
4. Admire the Basilica of San Frediano
The Basilica of San Frediano is a beautiful historical church in Lucca. It features a striking mosaic façade depicting the Ascension of Christ. The vibrant colors and intricate details are captivating, making it a worthwhile stop.
As you enter, you’ll find a serene atmosphere filled with art and architectural beauty. The interior features stunning frescoes, ancient relics, and an impressive altar. It’s a perfect place to pause and reflect.
Don’t forget to look for the ancient wooden crucifix, believed to date back to the 13th century. It is one of the church’s most treasured artworks. Visitors often take time to listen to the peaceful sounds of prayer and contemplation.
Outside, take a moment to stroll in the nearby square. Many locals gather here, creating a friendly and welcoming feeling. You can often find market stalls selling local products.
Visiting the Basilica of San Frediano enriches your Lucca journey with history and art. The church invites you to reflect on its beauty and the stories it holds.
Address: Piazza S. Frediano, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
5. Discover the Duomo di San Martino
The Duomo di San Martino, also known as Lucca Cathedral, is a breathtaking example of Romanesque architecture. Inside, you’ll find stunning chapels, a grand altar, and historical artifacts. It attracts visitors with its intricate designs and rich history.
One of the most famous features is the Sarcophagus of St. Regulus. This beautiful relic is located inside the cathedral, alongside other art pieces that draw the eye. Each visit offers a chance to discover something new in its artistry.
The exterior of the cathedral captivates with its complex façade, featuring a stunning bell tower. You can climb the tower for even more breathtaking views of Lucca. Photography opportunities abound, so don’t forget your camera!
Visitors often comment on the peacefulness that surrounds the cathedral. It makes for a perfect spot to sit and reflect or enjoy a moment of quiet amid the city’s hustle.
To truly appreciate Lucca’s history, the Duomo di San Martino is a must-visit. Its beauty and serenity will leave a lasting impression.
Address: Piazza del Duomo, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
6. Explore Giacomo Puccini’s House Museum
Giacomo Puccini’s House Museum is a treasure for music lovers. Located in his childhood home, it showcases his life and works as a renowned composer. The museum opens a window into Puccini’s inspirations and daily life.
As you wander through the rooms, you’ll find personal belongings, letters, and manuscripts. The exhibits are informative and engaging, providing insight into his creative process. Music plays softly, setting a delightful atmosphere.
A highlight is the beautiful garden where Puccini often found inspiration. Visitors can relax and soak in the surroundings that influenced many of his operas. It’s a perfect spot to take a break and reflect on your visit.
The museum is a favorite for organized tours. Local guides share fascinating stories about Puccini’s life. Each story weaves a tapestry of his connection to Lucca and his musical legacy.
For anyone interested in music or culture, Giacomo Puccini’s House Museum is a must-visit. It offers a rich experience of a great composer’s life and work.
Address: Via di Poggio, 4, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
7. Visit Palazzo Mansi Art Museum
Palazzo Mansi is an exquisite art museum housed in a Baroque palace. The museum features a collection of paintings from the 14th to 18th centuries. You’ll find works by renowned Italian artists, showcasing the richness of Lucca’s art history.
The ornate rooms themselves are a work of art. They feature stunning frescoes, grand furniture, and intricate decorations. Each room tells a story, reflecting the life of aristocrats in Lucca.
Guided tours are available, offering insights into specific pieces and historical details about the palace. The knowledgeable guides create an engaging experience, perfect for art enthusiasts and casual visitors alike.
After exploring the artwork, enjoy a stroll in the palace gardens. They’re beautifully landscaped, providing a peaceful retreat within the city. It’s a great place to relax after soaking in all the culture.
A visit to Palazzo Mansi is a journey through history and creativity. It’s an essential stop for anyone looking to experience the artistic soul of Lucca.
Address: Via G. Guinizelli, 14, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
8. Stroll the Botanical Garden of Lucca
The Botanical Garden of Lucca, known as Orto Botanico, is a serene escape within the city. Spread over a lush area, it features an impressive variety of plant species. Students, families, and nature lovers frequent this hidden gem.
As you wander along the pathways, you’ll discover exotic plants, fountains, and even a small pond. The garden’s peaceful ambiance allows for quiet reflection and relaxation. It’s a great spot to unwind from your city explorations.
Don’t miss the educational displays that explain various plant species. They offer valuable insight, making the garden not just beautiful but informative. You can easily spend hours enjoying the sights and sounds of nature.
During spring and summer, the garden blooms vibrantly. Special events, like guided tours and workshops, are often held. These offer a chance to learn more about gardening and local flora.
The Botanical Garden of Lucca is a perfect blend of education and beauty. It invites visitors to connect with nature amidst the bustling city.
Address: Via del Giardino Botanico, 5, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
9. Shop Local on Via Fillungo
Via Fillungo is the main shopping street in Lucca. Lined with charming boutiques, cafes, and artisanal shops, it’s a vibrant area full of local culture. Walking here, you can find everything from handmade crafts to fashion items.
As you browse the shops, take time to enjoy the window displays. Many local artisans showcase their crafts, including ceramics and textiles. It’s the perfect spot to find unique souvenirs that represent Lucca’s heritage.
Many cafes along the way serve delicious coffee and pastries. Stop in for a quick refreshment while enjoying the atmosphere. Local delicacies like ‘buccellato’ (a traditional cake) are a must-try!
The street is also a great place to soak up the lively atmosphere. You’ll see locals and tourists mingling and create a lively ambiance. This adds to the charm of your shopping experience.
Shopping on Via Fillungo is more than just a retail experience; it’s a cultural adventure. You’ll leave with memories and items that reflect the essence of Lucca.
Address: Via Fillungo, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
10. Visit the Chiesa di San Michele in Foro
The Chiesa di San Michele in Foro is an architectural gem in Lucca. This stunning church is renowned for its remarkable façade and intricate details. Its structure is a great example of Romanesque design infused with Gothic influences.
As you enter, be prepared to be amazed by the beautiful interior. The high ceilings and colorful frescoes create a powerful sense of awe. The artwork captures the religious themes of the church, inviting reflection and appreciation.
One notable feature is the statue of Archangel Michael on the church’s exterior. It’s a striking symbol that will catch your eye as you approach. Make sure to take pictures of this captivating element.
Visitors often spend time reading the historical plaques that describe the church’s past. These provide context about its role in Lucca’s culture and traditions over the centuries.
Your visit to the Chiesa di San Michele in Foro is a step back in time. This church is not only a place of worship but a significant part of Lucca’s history and heritage.
Address: Piazza San Michele, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
11. Learn About Lucca’s Art at Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi
Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi is a treasure trove of art in Lucca. Housed in a historic palace, this museum displays a range of Italian paintings from the 14th to 18th centuries. It showcases the artistry of many renowned painters, attracting art enthusiasts from around the world.
The grand halls of the palace feature beautifully decorated ceilings and walls. Each room is adorned with exquisite art, making it an immersive experience. Visitors can admire masterpieces and learn about their historical context.
Guided tours are available, offering insights into the significance of the artworks. Knowledgeable guides engage visitors with fascinating stories about the artists and their creations. It adds depth to your understanding of the art and its local relevance.
For those interested in Lucca’s history, the museum provides a connection to the past. Each painting reveals a glimpse into the lives of those who lived during that period. It enriches your overall experience of the city.
A visit to Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi is essential for art lovers. It’s a wonderful way to appreciate Lucca’s artistic heritage and cultural significance.
Address: Via G. Mazzini, 53, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
12. Relax at Piazza Napoleone
Piazza Napoleone is a beautiful and spacious square in the heart of Lucca. Surrounded by impressive historic buildings, it is a popular gathering place for locals and tourists alike. The vibrant atmosphere makes it an excellent spot for relaxation and people-watching.
Take a seat on one of the benches and enjoy the scenery. The square often hosts events and markets, adding to its lively vibe. You might stumble upon a concert or cultural festival during your visit.
Nearby cafes offer a chance to sip a coffee or enjoy a pastry while soaking in the ambience. Sampling local treats enhances your experience as you take in the sights and sounds around you.
The square’s design features lovely green spaces and fountains, providing a peaceful oasis in the bustling city. It’s a perfect spot to rest your feet after exploring Lucca’s many attractions.
Piazza Napoleone is more than just a square; it’s the social heart of Lucca. Visit for a moment of tranquility and soak up the city’s charm.
Address: Piazza Napoleone, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
13. Enjoy Performances at Teatro del Giglio
Teatro del Giglio is Lucca’s historic theater, known for its stunning architecture and vibrant performances. Opened in the 19th century, this venue has a rich cultural history offering a variety of shows throughout the year.
Visitors can attend operas, concerts, and theatrical performances. The acoustics in the theater are exceptional, making every performance a captivating experience. Check the schedule to catch a show during your visit!
As you explore the inside, take a moment to appreciate the ornate details and elegant design. The lavish decor adds to the atmosphere, making it a memorable venue to enjoy the arts.
For those who love culture, visiting Teatro del Giglio is a must. Attending a performance here allows you to connect with local traditions and artistry. It’s a delightful way to engage with Lucca’s vibrant cultural scene.
Theater enthusiasts will appreciate the history that permeates this beautiful space. It combines history, artistry, and community spirit, creating an unforgettable experience.
Address: Largo del Giglio, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
14. Experience the Puccini Festival
If you’re in Lucca during the summer, don’t miss the Puccini Festival. This festival celebrates the famous composer Giacomo Puccini, who was born in Lucca. It features outdoor opera performances in an enchanting setting, typically at Torre del Lago.
The performances highlight some of Puccini’s most beloved operas. Attending a show under the stars creates a magical experience that combines music and nature. It’s a joy for opera lovers and newcomers alike.
Tickets sell quickly, so be sure to book in advance. The festival atmosphere is festive and full of excitement, with many visitors coming to enjoy the performances each year.
Before the show, consider enjoying a leisurely dinner nearby. Many local restaurants offer delicious Tuscan cuisine, perfect for an evening treat. Pair your meal with a glass of local wine!
The Puccini Festival is a spectacular way to connect with Lucca’s cultural heritage. Enjoying world-class performances in such a beautiful location is an experience you won’t forget.
Address: Torre del Lago, 55049 Viareggio LU, Italy.
15. Explore Villa Reale di Marlia
Villa Reale di Marlia is a stunning estate located just outside of Lucca. Known for its beautiful gardens and impressive architecture, it offers a glimpse into aristocratic life. Spend time exploring the lavish grounds and appreciating the restorative beauty of the landscape.
The gardens feature a variety of themes, including Italian-style landscaping, romantic flower beds, and serene water features. Take your time as you wander through the pathways, with each turn presenting a new enchanting scene.
Inside, the villa showcases a collection of art and decor. Guided tours provide insight into the villa’s history and the families who once lived there. It’s a perfect way to appreciate heritage while enjoying art.
Visitors often find picnic spots within the estate. Grab a snack and enjoy a peaceful lunch surrounded by nature. The atmosphere is tranquil and inviting—ideal for relaxation.
A visit to Villa Reale di Marlia is a delightful escape from the city. The combination of history, art, and natural beauty creates an unforgettable experience in Tuscany.
Address: Via Fratelli Fabbri, 64, 55014 Marlia LU, Italy.
16. Experience the Chilling Museo della Tortura
Museo della Tortura offers a unique and unsettling glimpse into the darker aspects of history. Located in Lucca, this museum displays torture instruments from various historical periods. Each exhibit provides insight into the brutal techniques used in the past.
The museum is educational, showcasing artifacts while also encouraging visitors to reflect on the horrors of human history. You’ll find various exhibits that explain the purpose and story behind each item.
Visitors often describe the experience as both fascinating and chilling. For those interested in history, it provides a different lens through which to view the past. It’s a conversation starter and adds depth to your visit to Lucca.
Guided audio tours offer additional context and stories, helping to immerse visitors in the experience. Take your time as you walk through the exhibits to fully absorb the information.
While the subject matter may be intense, it’s an important part of historical education. Museo della Tortura offers a unique perspective on the resilience of humanity.
Address: Via Santa Croce, 6, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
17. Climb the Torre delle Ore
Climbing the Torre delle Ore is a must-do activity in Lucca. This historic clock tower offers panoramic views of the city from its summit. Standing at 50 meters high, the climb is steep but rewarding.
The tower has been a part of Lucca’s history since the 14th century. As you ascend the steps, you can admire the architecture and design that have been preserved over the centuries. Various historical clocks are displayed along the way, offering insights into timekeeping.
Once at the top, the views are absolutely breathtaking. From here, you can see the entire city and its surrounding hills. It’s an excellent spot for photos, so don’t forget your camera!
Many visitors enjoy watching the sunset from up here. The light filtering over Lucca creates a magical ambiance, perfect for unwinding after a day of exploring.
The Torre delle Ore is not just about the climb; it’s about the journey and the history behind it. Experience a slice of Lucca’s past while enjoying stunning views.
Address: Via di Vico, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
18. Visit the Antica Porta di San Pietro
Antica Porta di San Pietro is one of Lucca’s ancient gates, rich with history. Originally built in the 14th century, it served as a primary entry point into the city. The gate’s impressive architecture showcases the strength and design of the time.
As you approach, take a moment to appreciate the defensive designs crafted to protect the city. The sturdy stone structure is a reminder of Lucca’s storied past and its important fortifications.
Walking through the gate, envision the countless travelers who passed through centuries ago. It offers a unique perspective on Lucca’s history and diversity, connecting you with the past.
Nearby, you’ll find lovely gardens and green spaces, ideal for a short respite. Enjoy a peaceful moment surrounded by nature, taking in the atmosphere of the city.
Visiting Antica Porta di San Pietro is a step back in history. It’s a perfect blend of culture and charm that enhances your exploration of Lucca’s rich heritage.
Address: Porta San Pietro, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
19. Find Serenity at Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca
Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca is a lesser-known botanical garden that offers tranquility. Located near the city center, it provides a peaceful escape from the bustling streets. It features diverse plant species, from medicinal herbs to rare flowers.
The garden showcases educational displays, making it perfect for those looking to learn more about botany. It invites visitors to explore and appreciate the beauty of plant life through winding paths and shaded areas.
As you meander through the garden, be sure to take in the scents and colors. The serene environment makes it ideal for relaxation, reading, or enjoying a quiet picnic.
Garden enthusiasts will find a variety of themed sections, each highlighting unique aspects of nature. Various events and educational workshops are often held, providing opportunities for enhanced learning.
Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca is a hidden gem perfect for nature lovers. Immerse yourself in nature and enjoy this peaceful retreat amidst the city’s charm.
Address: Via dei Cappuccini, 7, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
20. Walk the Fortezza delle Mura
Fortezza delle Mura offers an extraordinary experience in Lucca. This massive fortress surrounds the city and provides stunning views while walking along its ancient walls. Taking a leisurely stroll here allows you to appreciate both history and scenery.
The fortifications were built between the late 16th and early 17th centuries, showcasing impressive military architecture. As you walk, observe the various bastions and ramparts that clearly illustrate Lucca’s defensive history.
Pack a picnic and enjoy it on the grassy slopes surrounding the fortress. Many locals come here for various activities such as jogging, cycling, or simply soaking in the sunshine.
Interactive displays provide historical context, making your visit educational and engaging. Visitors often enjoy discovering the rich stories behind the fortress, adding depth to the experience.
Fortezza delle Mura combines natural beauty and historical significance. It’s a lovely spot to immerse yourself in Lucca’s past and present.
Address: Via dell’Anfiteatro, 2, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
21. Discover the Porta San Pietro
Porta San Pietro is an ancient gate that reflects Lucca’s architectural heritage. As one of the main entrances to the city, it offers a glimpse into Lucca’s fortified past. The elaborate design is fascinating, revealing its historic importance.
As you step through the gate, consider the many travelers who have passed this way over the centuries. The stone craftsmanship is impressive and stands as a testament to the city’s enduring history.
Nearby are cafes and shops where you can enjoy refreshments. Stopping for a coffee or local pastry is highly recommended as you soak in the surroundings.
The gate connects to charming streets that invite exploration. Strolling through these narrow lanes, visitors can discover local boutiques, art galleries, and more delightful surprises.
Visiting Porta San Pietro enhances your understanding of Lucca’s history and culture. It’s a beautiful starting point for a deeper exploration of this enchanting city.
Address: Porta San Pietro, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
22. Join the Associazione Culturale Lucchese
The Associazione Culturale Lucchese is a cultural organization that offers various workshops and events in Lucca. Engaging with local culture enhances your experience. Join classes ranging from cooking to art, immersing yourself in authentic Tuscan traditions.
The workshops are led by passionate locals who share their knowledge. Participating allows you to connect with the community and craft memories that may last a lifetime. You might even make lasting friendships during your time there!
Events vary throughout the year, highlighting local arts, festivals, and culinary delights. Attend performances, exhibitions, and social gatherings to dive deeper into Lucca’s cultural scene. Many events feature local musicians and artists.
By participating, you gain insights into Lucca’s rich heritage while enjoying interactive experiences. It’s a fantastic way to learn and have fun in a supportive environment.
Associazione Culturale Lucchese invites everyone to be a part of Lucca’s vibrant cultural tapestry. Don’t miss the chance to engage with the rich traditions and creativity of this charming region!
Address: Via della Libertà, 10, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
23. Experience Cycling at Ciclofficina
Ciclofficina is a community cycling center in Lucca that offers a unique way to explore the area. Renting a bike allows you to discover the city’s hidden gems at your own pace. Whether you’re a novice or an experienced cyclist, there’s something for everyone!
Guided cycling tours take you through breath-taking landscapes and historic sites. You’ll ride along scenic paths, through charming neighborhoods, and past ancient walls. The knowledgeable guides share insights into Lucca’s history and culture.
Cycling is an excellent way to stay active while enjoying fresh air and beautiful scenery. The routes are designed for comfort and enjoyment, catering to all ages.
If you prefer a casual ride, feel free to explore on your own. The flat terrain makes it easy to navigate the city and reach nearby attractions. Don’t forget your map or smartphone to find your way!
Ciclofficina provides a wonderful opportunity to experience Lucca and its picturesque surroundings. Grab a bike and get ready to create unforgettable memories!
Address: Via G. Mazzini, 11, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
24. Visit San Giovanni Church
San Giovanni Church is a beautiful religious site in Lucca. With stunning architecture and serene interiors, it invites visitors to pause and reflect. The church features a blend of styles that showcase its rich history.
As you enter, admire the intricate artwork that adorns the walls. The peaceful atmosphere creates a perfect place for contemplation. Many visitors find it a calming retreat from the busyness of city life.
Don’t miss the stunning stained glass windows, as they cast colorful light inside the church. Each piece tells a story and adds to the church’s beauty. They are a photographer’s delight!
The church often hosts events and services, welcoming both locals and tourists alike. Engaging with the community can deepen your understanding of Lucca’s culture and traditions.
Visiting San Giovanni Church allows you to connect with Lucca’s spiritual side. Its architectural beauty and tranquil ambiance make it an essential stop on your journey.
Address: Via San Giovanni, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
25. Enjoy Wine Tasting at Local Enotecas
Wine tasting at local enotecas is a delightful experience in Lucca. The town is situated in the heart of Tuscany, known for its excellent wines. At various wine bars, you can taste a selection of local Tuscan wines paired with delicious cheeses and cured meats.
Many enotecas offer guided tastings and classes, sharing knowledge about the winemaking process. Local specialists enhance the experience by discussing the different flavors and regions of Tuscany. It’s both educational and enjoyable!
Sampling Chianti, Brunello, and other regional varietals provides insight into the local culture. You’ll find favorites to bring home as souvenirs or gifts for friends and family.
As you sip wine, take in the cozy atmosphere of the enoteca. Many feature lovely outdoor seating, allowing you to enjoy beautiful Lucca evenings.
Wine tasting is a perfect way to unwind and experience the culinary delights of Tuscany. Join fellow wine lovers and celebrate the art of winemaking in Lucca!
Address: Viale Giuseppe Garibaldi, 15, 55100 Lucca LU, Italy.
Final Thoughts
Lucca, Italy, is a city full of enchanting experiences waiting to be discovered. From its historic walls to artistic treasures and delicious cuisine, there’s something for everyone. Whether you’re climbing the Torre Guinigi for breathtaking views or enjoying a peaceful moment at one of its beautiful gardens, your time in Lucca will certainly be memorable.
Engaging with local culture, history, and traditions provides a rich and rewarding visit. As you explore the stunning architecture and vibrant squares, don’t forget to check out some of the best spots to visit in Italy or explore the most beautiful places in Italy. You’ll feel the spirit of Tuscany all around you. Embrace the beauty of Lucca and take home memories that will last a lifetime.